Case 2.7 Ethical Dilemma - 974 Words

Case Analysis 2-7: Milton Manufacturing Company Milton Manufacturing Company is a closely-held company has been in business since 1999 when its President Irv Milton first opened the business with its primary operations in Long Island City, New York and factory branches and warehouses in surrounding areas. The business had increased revenue over its first ten years of business from $500,000 in its first year to $5 million in 2008. Facts However, in 2009 revenues declined to $4.5 million along with net cash flows from all activities declining in 2009 as well. Overall capital expenditures for the company have been continually increasing by 26% each year. Milton had planned on borrowing $20 million in the fourth quarter of 2010 from†¦show more content†¦2. Gather all the facts. Markowicz felt that he had a primary responsibility to the company to ensure that the production process runs smoothly at his plant, and after the first half of 2010, it reported profitable operations and net cash inflows from investing activities was positive for the first time in three years and had already reached $250,000 in just the first half of the year. This meant an increased level of production and increased pressure on machines; therefore naturally the breakdown of machines was increasing. In addition, Milton’s regular supplier had hiked about the prices on the motors that he needed by 25%, while Markowitz had been able to find from a supplier overseas for 25% off temporarily to build customer base. Further, machines continued to break down because of non-functioning motors and were exposing workers to considerable safety concerns. Therefore, fewer machines were being used and in turn increased demand, which in turn further increased delays of meeting customer demand for the products. 3. Identify the stakeholders and obligations. The stakeholders of Milton Manufacturing Company include the owners, the business itself, the employees and officers, the factory workers, customers, and the suppliers. Markowicz has obligations toShow MoreRelatedEthical Challenges Case Study : Volkswagen Ethical Scandal936 Words   |  4 Pages Ethical Challenges Case Study Volkswagen Ethical scandal Managing Organizations and Teams MANA – 6372 – 01 For Professor Gerald Burns By Venu.Velpula Dallas Baptist University Feb 1, 2017 Definition: The word Ethics is defined as a system of moral principles. They affect how people Make decisions and lead their lives. Though the ethical dilemmas face by certain companies may be specific to their industry or companyRead MoreEvaluating Arguments, Opinions, And Beliefs Project Essay1633 Words   |  7 Pagesto different ethical dilemmas we face on a day to day basis. If you are raised in a more liberal culture, you will be for The Dream Act as well as immigration as liberals believe in human rights. Conservatives on the other hand believe in personal responsibility and believe that everyone should go through the normal steps to citizenship. Moral Standards and Values A lot of our moral standards and values has to do with our culture but I think they also tie to the different ethical theories. DoRead MoreMcdonalds Ethical Issues1636 Words   |  7 Pagescompany from the McDonalds in 1961, for 2.7 million dollars. (Dunlap, 2017). According to their website, the company’s first international location was opened in 1967 in Richmond, BC. They claim that over 2.5 million customers visit McDonalds every day throughout their more than 1400 locations (McDonalds Canada, n.d.). Ethical Issues Around the world, McDonalds has faced several ethical issues regarding its workforce and their working conditions (McDonalds Ethical Issues, n.d.). In Brazil, a union thatRead MoreToolscorp Corporation1524 Words   |  7 Pagesare; what the firm’s major products or services are; geographically speaking, where the firm competes; is the firm technologically current; is the firm committed to growth and financial soundness; what the basic beliefs, values, aspirations, and ethical priorities of the firm are; what the firm’s distinctive competence or major competitive advantage is; is the firm responsive to social, community, and environmental concerns; and are employees a valuable asset of the firm (David, 2013). ToolsCorp’sRead More Alzheimers Disease and Research: Ethical Concerns Essay1904 Words   |  8 Pagesequivalent with the actual patient’s decision, since no one can know exactly what the patient desires. This generates important issues concerning the participation of these patients in research especially under the light of the ethical principle of autonomy. There are a number of cases when this position is relevant: research involving health risks for the patient, minimal benefits compared with the risks, or the use of placebo. The second view advocates the merits of research: AD research cannotRead MoreA Report On Lady s Story956 Words   |  4 Pagesor injured individuals (as persons or domestic animals) in a relatively painless way for reasons of mercy.† Now that definition applies to not only people but domestic animals as well. While reading a paper titled Killing Healthy Animals, an Ethical Dilemma? Written by student Rachel Cartledge she found that The Animal Rights Malta gave this example saying â€Å"†¦let s say that a human just happens to be homeless and poor, and that we have an acute problem of homelessness and poverty in our country.Read MoreBusiness Operations: Financial Issues1854 Words   |  7 Pages Business operations: Financial issues Introduction The problem to be investigated was the outcome of the ethical dilemma that occurred within the business circle leading to the violation of financial regulations and consequently eroded the confidence of shareholders on the U.S capital market. Examples of the violation of financial regulations were Enron, WorldCom and Lehman Brothers scandals that led to the collapse of the three companies. To restore the public confidence of the U.S capitalRead MoreFord Motor Management Accounting3056 Words   |  13 PagesCase Study Report- Ford Motor Introduction Ford Motor Company (Ford) is an American multinational corporation which produces cars and trucks. The automaker was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16, 1903. Ford is the second largest automaker in the U.S. and the fifth-largest in the world based on annual vehicle sales in 2010. Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce, using elaborately engineered manufacturingRead MoreHygeia International Essay1522 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿The question now facing Hygeia is whether to integrate forward in Nigeria - that is, actually to produce eggs or meat or to stop with fertile eggs or chicks to be sold to the farmers. 1. Questions on the case: a) Identify Hygeias five production policy issues as enumerated in the case? b) What major problems are likely to confront a foreign company operating in Nigeria? c) What would you recommend that should be done on this proposal? 2. Without good policies, a business organization willRead MoreCase Study: Cultural Norms, Fair Lovely, and Advertising3030 Words   |  13 PagesCase Study Analysis: 2.2 Cultural Norms, Fair amp; Lovely, and Advertising. Christopher A. Osuoha July 2, 2012 MKTG 5330 International Marketing Instructor Dr. Gilbert J. Werema Associate Professor of Marketing Wayland Baptist University Table of Content 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Questions amp; Analysis 2.1 Is it ethical to sell products that are mildly effective? 2.2 Is it ethical to exploit cultural norms and value to promote a product? 2.3 Is the advertisement of

Comparing Christianity and Stoicism Essay - 3244 Words

Introduction Over the course of human history every society, even the most culturally isolated of civilizations, has developed some form of faith-system for interpreting and understanding the spiritual and material worlds. Thousands of such systems have existed over the centuries, and as tribes and cultures expanded, these faith-systems inevitably met each other face-to-face and clashed. Two thousand years ago there was a particularly important collision; one between the Roman stoic and the gentile Christian. At this time in Western civilization, Christianity was just planting its seeds and beginning to grow, whereas stoicism was already legitimate in its foundation and strong in its following (Stavrianos 100). One might wonder†¦show more content†¦In doing so, some fundamental conclusions can be drawn pertaining to the eventual succession of Christianity over stoic thought. Christianity and Stoicism: Logic, Physics, and Ethics In terms of logic, Christianity can be understood in three parts. Initially, there is the undeniable doctrine of â€Å"the Trinity,† which teaches that God, as revealed in the Old and New Testaments, actually exists in three persons. In essence, God is the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit all at once. However, Jesus is not the Father, nor is he the Holy Spirit; He is separate, and yet they are all God. Mathematically this makes no sense. If one considers that God=A, God=B, and God=C, it logically follows that A=B=C. An intellectually honest person questions if the Trinity is truly logic at all. As a matter of fact, this particular dogma has no true Biblical origin. The concept of the Trinity does not even arise until the formation of the Nicene Creed (Metzger 90). This is interesting to note though, for it was primarily used to falsify the so-called â€Å"heretical† systems that rivaled it (Metzger 782). A second main tenant of Christian logic is the idea that the Bible is inerrant. In other words, all scripture is â€Å"God-breathed,† and as such, what is written was done so in accordance with His will, and thus, must be true (2Tim 3:16). This argument is often usedShow MoreRelatedThe Influence Of The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles1785 Words   |  8 PagesHellenism, and the New Philosophies of Nature. (Renaissance Philosophy). Aristotle was one of the mentioned Grecian philosophers, perhaps the most renowned. With more access to his works, Renaissance minds began to study his school of thought, comparing it to the dominating Christian theology and ultimately dissenting from that theology in favor of Aristotle. The major ideas that were born and spread because of renewed Aristotelianism were: the soul dies with the body, human will may not be freeRead MoreCultural Diversity and Awareness in the American Healthcare System1397 Words   |  6 Pageslanguage. His parents who were born in Vietnam and migrated to the United States a couple of years before Adam was born, understand and speak very well English. Adam came from a low socioeconomic family. Adam’s parents believe in God, and practice Christianity. However, since Adam is the first generation who was born in the United States, his parents still hold Vietnamese culture strongly, therefore, they believe that all the problems they are facing are tests from God. Vietnamese may attribute illnessRead MoreAp World History Units 1-3 Study Guide Essay4374 Words   |  18 PagesSeized the land from the conservatives and distribute it to his army veterans 38. The reign of Augustus inaugurated a period known as paxromana in which caused * Common coinage * Common language * Greco-Roman art * Stoicism 39. Foundations of Roman Law * The principle that defendants were innocent until proven guilty * The notion that defendants had a right to challenge their accusers before a judge in a court or law * The ability of judgesRead MoreFate and Destiny7886 Words   |  32 PagesAeneas to fall in love† (p. 870). Finally, in comparing the Greek and Roman traditions the authors conclude, â€Å"Unlike the Iliad, in which ‘fates’ were always plural, or the Odyssey, in which one’s destiny was determined by one’s moral status, in the Aeneid, the humans find themselves acting out roles in a scenario the gods have devised. Their only choices be in how to respond to the burdens the gods dole out† (p. 870). Roman mythology, and later Roman Stoicism, both view life more in terms of a â€Å"hard†Read MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesmillions of women in the West and leading them also on pilgrimages to the holy sites. Secularization receded in many Muslim countries and this too reversed such aspects of life as schooling for girls and dress for mature women. Simultaneously, Christianity advanced in Africa and Asia, offering outlets in the ministry and in religious orders. Asian religions expanded their appeal, especially the many forms of Buddhism, and women became some of the main practitioners and teachers of yoga. New sects

Preventing Teens And Preteens From Tobacco Use - 927 Words

Preventing Teens and Preteens from Tobacco Use Tobacco is a plant that grows in North and South America. It is in the same family as the poisonous night shade, a very deadly plant. It began growing in America around 6000 B.C and started to be chewed and smoked about 2000 years ago as cultural or religious ceremony and events. They also believed it had medicinal effect that can cure and relives pain. Tobacco was introduced to Europe by Cristopher Columbus. When he discovered America, he encountered American Indians and they give him dried tobacco as a gift which he took it with him to Europe. They also believed it had medicinal value and could cure everything from bad breath to cancer. In the 20th century scientists found out tobacco contains many dangerous chemicals and nicotine which is highly addictive and health hazardous. The main reason for this writing to inform the teens and preteens how harmful is tobacco smoking not only to themselves also to the people around them. Disease and death caused from tobacco smoking is highl y preventable. Why do teens and preteens want to smoke? There are many reasons teens and preteens can be influenced to smoking. First, Parental and sibling smoking makes it easy to get cigarettes. What parent says how they act and the value they show through their words and practice has great impact on their children’s. That same principle applies to tobacco use as well. Studies have found that parental actions aboutShow MoreRelatedUse and Abuse of Media7426 Words   |  30 PagesAt the Intersection of Health, Health Care and Policy Cite this article as: W DeJong and J A Winsten The use of mass media in substance abuse prevention Health Affairs, 9, no.2 (1990):30-46 doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.9.2.30 The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is available at: http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/9/2/30.citati on For Reprints, Links Permissions: http://healthaffairs.org/1340_reprint s.php E-mail Alerts : http://content.healthaffairsRead MoreRaising The Legal Minimum Age For Smoking Among Young Adults Essay1814 Words   |  8 Pagessmoking among young adults with trends in the use of other substances. National data propose that the recent detected an increase in smoking among young adults is primarily an artefact of the almost simultaneous increase in smoking among high school students. In addition, however, it also appears that there have been real changes in smoking patterns among young adults. While many questions remain regarding recent trends in tobacco and other drug use among adolescents and young adults. Raising theRead MoreNursing Essay41677 Words   |  167 Pagesedu/catalog/12956.html THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriateRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pageswritten permission of the publisher. Thomson Higher Education 10 Davis Drive Belmont, CA 94002-3098 USA For more information about our products, contact us at: Thomson Learning Academic Resource Center 1-800-423-0563 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit a request online at http://www.thomsonrights.com. Any additional questions about permissions can be submitted by e-mail to thomsonrights@thomson.com. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11 10

Legal and Ethical Issues Faced by Nurses - 792 Words

Page 1: What primary relationships do you see between legal and ethical issues faced by nurses in their practice? How would you explain these relationships to others? As well as medical caregivers, nurses must confront some of the most serious human dilemmas all individuals muse over, such as death and dying. Nurses often deal with extreme ethical conundrums on a daily basis. These concerns include end-of-life issues, caring for an elderly or disabled relative, the proper way to raise a child, and the degree to which a person with a mental or physical impairment has autonomy over his or her body. Provision 1 of the American Nursing Associations ethical code mandates every patients right to self-determination. However, this right is not absolute and unambiguous. For example, a depressed patient who is suicidal does not possess the legal or ethical right to end his or her life. A patient who is a danger to himself or to others when unmedicated can be compelled under the law to be commi tted involuntarily. Nurses must comply with the law, even when they may personally believe that aspects of the law are ill-advised, such as laws that prohibit medically-assisted euthanasia for the terminally ill. At other times, the law may be clear, but nursing ethics may suggest at least some intervention. A teenage girl may be able to legally obtain birth control, but a nurse might feel ethically obligated to urge the girl to discuss the matter with her parents, if the girl is moreShow MoreRelatedThe Legal And Ethical Implications Of Therapy Nurses898 Words   |  4 Pages Stomal therapy nurses are faced with many legal and ethical implications within their practice. In such a busy and autonomous role, stomal therapy nurses may not be fully aware of the legal, and ethical implications that do exist within their practice. Nurses do not set out to find themselves in court, or to cause their patients harm. Generally nurses want to help others, and by being aware of legal and eth ical issues within their practice, they may protect themselves from litigation, and theirRead MoreThe Legal And Ethical Issues Of Health Care Of A Child Essay1530 Words   |  7 Pages Nurses are subject to a plethora of legal, ethical, and professional duties which can be very challenging on a day to day basis. Some of these duties include respecting a patient s confidentiality and autonomy, and to recognize the duty of care that is owed to all patients. As nurses our duties are always professional; however there are legal implications if these duties are breached. We also must consider when it is okay as nurses to breach these duties and therefore ethical issues ariseRead MoreEthical and Legal Problems Faced by Nurse Practioner1459 Words   |  6 PagesEthical and Legal Problems Faced by Nurse Practitioners HCA322: Health Care Ethics amp; Medical Law (BGE1226A) Instructor: Eugene Elliott Cara Gerlach 7/23/12 Ethical and Legal Problems Faced by Nurse Practitioners Every medical professional has or will face some ethical and legal issues in the Medical Field, the Nurse Practitioners (NP) are no different. Fant stated that in an ethical dilemma there are no right answers or solutions; however, in these dilemmas there are no wrong answers eitherRead MoreLegal an Ethical Issues in Nursing Essay872 Words   |  4 PagesTitle: Ethical and Legal issues in Nursing paper Student Name: Aleyamma John, RN Course Name/Number: NUR/391 Due Date: Mar 21, 2011 Instructor Name: Dolores Martinez Nurses are facing many legal or ethical dilemmas in their career. Nurses should combine knowledge of ethical and legal aspects of health care and professional values into nursing practice. It is very essential to know what kind of dilemmas nurses may face during their profession and how they have been dealt with in theRead MoreMoral And Ethical Dilemma Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pagesprofession, but also have a clear and concise approach to often ambiguous ethical challenges. This paper examines ethically uncertain situation in which the nurse is faced with a decision and action focused problems. Through the application of appropriate guidelines, including the moral and ethical principles, and the ANA code of ethics for nurses, discusses how the scenarios presented should be appropriately resolved. Complex moral issues often arise within the healthcare setting and healthcare professionalsRead MoreThe Code Of Ethics For Nurses1082 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The code of ethics for nurses provides a framework on ethical principles that nurses are supposed to follow while providing patient care. Under this code, nurses are not allowed to pry into information on patients not directly under their care, and they could not share any patient information to individuals who are not privileged to know such information. (American Nurses Association, 2015). Ethical issues related to electronic health records (EHRs) are extremely beneficial toRead MoreNursing Code Of Ethics, Personal And Societal Values, And The Legal Aspects Of The Nursing1251 Words   |  6 Pagesprofession, nurses must be prepared to assess and support the diverse needs of the patient and their family. Every nurse, regardless of his or her specialty, encounters ethical challenges. However, public health nurses may face unique challenges in their distinct focus on the health of the population in addition to individuals (Haugh Mildon, 2005). In this research paper, I will co nsider two case studies from the perspective of the nursing code of ethics, personal and societal values, and the legal aspectsRead MoreEthical Dilemmas Of Health Care1224 Words   |  5 PagesEthical Dilemmas in Health Care Nurses are constantly challenged by changes which occur in their practice environment and are under the influence of internal or external factors. Due to the increased complexity of the health system, nowadays nurses are faced with ethical and legal decisions and often come across dilemmas regarding patient care. From this perspective a good question to be raised would be whether or not nurses have the necessary background, knowledge and skills to make appropriateRead MoreApplying Ethical Frameworks in Parctice1027 Words   |  5 PagesApplying Ethical Frameworks in Practice Nursing has a renowned history of concern and interest for the welfare of the sick, injured and vulnerable for social justice. Nursing encompasses prevention of illness, decreasing suffering, and the protection, promotion, and restoration of health. Ethics is been an integral part of the foundation of nursing and it is self reflective, enduring and distinctive. In the professional course, a nurse encounters with different types of patients, several types ofRead MoreThe Conceptual Frameworks Of Ethics And Systems Leadership1375 Words   |  6 Pageswork for the good of the patient and is viewed as an ethical practice. Each day, nurses, and leaders are faced with ethical, moral, and legal challenges. One of the most powerful ways to promote ethics in healthcare is to role model ethical performance in the leadership levels. A leader s awareness of the ethical constructs of ethics, moral, and legal standards is necessary and can influence the ethical framework their staff uses to proce ss ethical dilemmas (Cianci, Hannah, Roberts, Tsakunis, 2013)

Nsf1993 and Nsf2012-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignementhelp

Question: Please describe difference between shipping form NSF 1993 and NSF 2012. Answer: The Norwegian Sales Form (NSF) is the most commonly used form of standard ship sale and purchase contract. This form was first adopted by the Baltic and International Maritime Council (BIMCO) in 1956 (Soyer Tettenborn, 2016, p. 112). Since then, the form has undergone periodic revisions with the latest being the 2012 version. Unlike its 1993 predecessor, the NSF 2012 seeks to uphold commercial practice and address issues which might have led to disputes in the 1993 version. Firstly, the NSF 2012 reviews the 10% fixed deposit on the purchase price present in the 1993 version (Goldrein et al., 2013). In this respect, the NFS 2012 allows the contracting parties to settle on the deposit. However, if the parties fail to agree, the 10% set in the NSF 1993 is applied. Secondly, the NSF 2012 introduces new directives on divers inspection. According to Soyer and Tetenborn (2016), NSF 2012 requires the buyers to state their preference to complete a divers scrutiny nine days before delivery. Moreover, a Classification Society surveyors presence is mandatory for the inspection. These test directives were missing in the NSF 1993. Thirdly, the NSF 2012 has reduced the delivery cancellation dates in the NSF 1993 from seven running days to three banking days. Moreover, the NSF 2012 compels the sellers to accurately list all the items which are not covered by the purchase price(Goldrein et al., 2013). These items include those under hire or belonging to a third party. As Soyer and Tettenborn (2016) point out, the NSF 2012 also introduces two new clauses which were not present in earlier versions. These are the clause on notices and Entire Agreement." Reference List Goldrein, I., Hannaford, M. Turner, P., 2013. Ship Sale and Purchase. 6th ed. Oxford: Taylor Francis. Soyer, B. Tettenborn, A., 2016. Ship Building, Sale, and Finance. New York: CRC Press.

Principles of The Tort law Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Principles of The Tort law. Answer: Issue: The issue of the case is whether the alleged manufacturing company has violated the principles of the Tort law or not. Law: In Australia, there are certain laws enacted for the civil wrongs. The law regarding Torts is one of them (Barry, 2017). There are numerous provisions mentioned under thelaw that protect the interest of the victim if he suffers for the wrongful acts of the wrong doer. The main elements of the negligence are that there must be certain evidences regarding the negligent act of the defendant and certain damage must be caused due to this (Cusimano Roberts, 2016). In this case, there are certain evidences against the negligent act of the McTools Ltd. regarding the manufacturing of the power-drilling machine. Therefore, the case contains the provision of the negligence. Under the law, there is a provision regarding the duty of care that is one of the fundamental rules of the negligence law. The provision of the duty of care was first time come into the lights by a popular case of Donoghues v Stevenson [1932] AC 562. In that case, a consumer bought a ginger beer and found a decomposed body of a snail into the bottle. The consumer became ill and filed a suit against the manufacturer for his act of negligence. The Court observed that manufacturer of a product owes certain duties to the consumers and if there is a violation observed, he should be liable under the necessary provision of law. In Australia, the negligence is a part of the Civil Liability Act 2002 (Fordham, 2013). In Australian Safeway Stores Pty Ltd v Zaluzna [1987] HCA 7, it was contended by the Court that it is responsibility of the occupier of a place to owe certain duty to others and he must foresee all the risks that can be accrued from that place. Therefore, it can be stated that there are certain elements present regarding the duty of care. In the case of Donoghue, the court had elaborately prescribes all the essentials of the rule (McKendrick, 2014). As per the observation of the court, every person must owe certain duty to other and should have to foresee the potential risks regarding the same. In Australia, duty of care is prescribed under section 5B (1) of the Civil Liability Act 2002. A violation regarding the duty of care can cause both physical and mental damage (McLachlan, 2013). Under the Tort Act, there is a chapter on the defense program of the defendants and works as an umbrella to the defendants. Contributory negligence is one of them. It is a plea that can be taken by the defendant to protect his interest. Under the necessary provision of this defense, it has been stated that if in an accident the sufferer is also liable, defendant will get certain benefits regarding this. The benefit is that the victim could not claim full amount of damage from the defendant. Section 5R of the Civil Liability Act 2002 discuss about the provision of the defense. However, it should be bored in mind that contributory negligence is a partial defense that is available to the defendant of a case. The damage amount is based on the perspective of every case. In Imbree v McNeilly [2008] HCA 40, the plaintiff was allowed the defendant to drive a car without any license and the defendant had crushed the car and got the plaintiff injured. It was observed by the court that the plaintiff is partly liable for the accident as he allowed the defendant to drive the car having know about the fact that he did not owed any license and therefore, barred by the law to ask for full amount of damage. Based on the amount of liability by the plaintiff, the court ordered the defendant only 30% of the claimed money by the plaintiff. Application: The present case is based on the above named principle of the negligence. It is observed that the husband of the victim, Mulan bought one drill machine from McTools Ltd. and the victim used the same. The company had failed to tell the customer about the defect of the machine that there is a risk if the machine used if used five minutes at a stretch. It is the responsibility of the company to foresee the risks. However, the company was failed to perform his duty and unable to maintain the standard of duty (Rajapakse, 2016). As per the statement of the Donoghue V. Stevensons case, it can be stated that the manufacturer company had failed to meet all the elements of the duty of care and therefore, liable for the negligent acts. There are sufficient evidences against the defendant to make him liable under the provision. It is a fact that the company is liable for the negligent act that it failed to inform the customer regarding the defect of the machine and there is damage occurred regar ding the same to the plaintiff (Stewart Stuhmcke, 2014). However, the case is also attracts the provision of the contributory negligence. It has been stated in the case that the victim had not read the instructions properly and had not taken necessary steps to avoid the accident. Under section 5R of the Civil Liability Act, it has been clarified that the plaintiff, Aurora must be taken certain possible measures regarding the work. The defendant can only able to get the benefit under the provision when the victim is partly liable for the accident. In the present case, the victim had not used any goggles when the machine was on and there was a short circuit occurred and she lost one eye. The defendant is liable as they had not informed the customers about the fault of the machine (Latimer Chester, 1968). The plaintiff is also liable as she had not abide by the norms of the instructions and failed to meet the criteria of the same. Conclusion: Therefore, in the lights of the above mentioned provisions and case laws, it can be stated that the company is liable for breach of necessary duties owed by him and liable for the violation of the standard of duties. On the other hand, it can be stated that the victim is unable to claim full amount of money from the company as she was also liable for the accident and barred by the principle of the contributory negligence. References: Barry, C. (2017). Statutory modifications of contributory negligence at common law.Precedent (Sydney, NSW), (140), 12. Cusimano, G. S., Roberts, M. L. (2016). Contributory Negligence and Assumption of Risk.Alabama Tort Law,1. Ferrara, S. D., Baccino, E., Boscolo-Berto, R., Comand, G., Domenici, R., Hernndez-Cueto, C., ... Pinchi, V. (2016). International Guidelines on the Methods of Ascertainment of Personal Injury and Damage Under Civil-Tort Law. InPersonal Injury and Damage Ascertainment under Civil Law(pp. 583-602). Springer International Publishing. Fordham, M. (2013). Legislation and Case Notes: Contributory Negligence and the Disabled Claimant. Latimer, H., Chester, A. (1968).Selected sermons of Hugh Latimer. Charlottesville: Published for the Folger Shakespeare Library [Washington, by] University of Virginia Press. McKendrick, E. (2014).Contract law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press (UK). McLachlan, R. (2013). Deep and Persistent Disadvantage in Australia-Productivity Commission Staff Working Paper. Rajapakse, P. J. (2016). Contamination of food and drinks: Product liability in Australia.Deakin L. Rev.,21, 45. Stewart, P., Stuhmcke, A. (2014). Lacunae and litigants: A study of negligence cases in the high court of Australia in the first decade of the 21st century and beyond.Melb. UL Rev.,38, 151.

Brooklyn Cop by Norman MacCaig Essay Example For Students

Brooklyn Cop by Norman MacCaig Essay In class we have been reading a provocative, emotional and in-sightful poem set in modern day times. The poem is about a cop who works in Brooklyn, New York which is known to be a rather violent society, thus making the job of a cop there even tougher than being a cop anywhere else. The fact that every day working is a life threatening situation for him is continual throughout the poem, as is the fierce, tough and scary characteristics of this Brooklyn cop. The poet, Norman MacCaig, expresses the subjects personality and gradually reveals this which allows the reader a greater appreciation. I think this poem is very effective and shows how the cop deals with his work and his home life. Firstly, in the verse one MacCaig begins with a simile. This is used in an effective way to compare a cop with a gorilla which clearly sends across the message that the cop is big built, but he also adds a bit of humour in this part of the poem making out that the cop is tougher than a gorilla. The poet as states the gorilla is thick fleshed to emphasis yet again that the cop is big built, large, muscly, tough and has a thick outer shell. Built like a gorilla but less timid  I found this interesting because the joke provides a light-hearted opening. Its not a very flattering image as it compares the man to a gorilla which I find odd because gorillas are naturally wild animals that you wouldnt expect a police officer upholding law and order to be compared to. It provides an image suggesting more brawn than brains.  Next, the poet uses a metaphor to describe the cops eyes. With two hieroglyphs in his face that mean trouble  By using the expression hieroglyphs it shows his eyes are mysterious and makes it very hard for other people to read him. Hes a very complicated man inside because he hides all of his feelings as the word hieroglyphs show that no-one can understand him because hieroglyphs were an Egyptian way of writing but they used pictures thus showing the complication.  Furthermore MacCaig describes the violent behaviour out on the streets of Brooklyn. Thin tissue over violence  Clearly this metaphor shows that there is a very fragile layer between safety and crime in the streets and that it lurks just below the surface. By using a tissue as an example to show how precarious this layer is. It also helps to clarify violence can erupt at any moment and the cop has to be on a constant state of alert.  Also, concluding verse one is a phrase in which MacCaig shows that the cop has a different side to him when he is at home around the people he loves and cares for and when he is on his line of duty. Evidently, this gives us an insight into the cops home life. It oozes affection and shows the love he has for his wife. The poem reveals the danger his wife also faces, the fear of her husband not returning home safely at night. We genuinely would think of this phrase as a typical clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ but the cop actually feels this sense of happiness when he returns home from work seeing as he works in a formidable, possible fatal profession.  Moving on, MacCaig uses a rhetorical question to reveal to the reader yet another different side to this gorilla character. Who would be him, gorilla with a nightstick?  The poet extends the gorilla metaphor to the point where the cop becomes an animal but this time he is dangerous and has a weapon. He is portrayed as a thug rather than a figure who delivers justice and safety, the poet also asks us to consider his role in dealing with the violence in his patrolling neighbourhood, with the poet continually referring to the cop as the gorilla its showing more violence because of the dangers his job involves, he needs to be prepared for it and someone has to do it. The poet makes the reader feel a lot more sympathetic towards the cop. .u2552cee03badcb008c95da7231831963 , .u2552cee03badcb008c95da7231831963 .postImageUrl , .u2552cee03badcb008c95da7231831963 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2552cee03badcb008c95da7231831963 , .u2552cee03badcb008c95da7231831963:hover , .u2552cee03badcb008c95da7231831963:visited , .u2552cee03badcb008c95da7231831963:active { border:0!important; } .u2552cee03badcb008c95da7231831963 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2552cee03badcb008c95da7231831963 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2552cee03badcb008c95da7231831963:active , .u2552cee03badcb008c95da7231831963:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2552cee03badcb008c95da7231831963 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2552cee03badcb008c95da7231831963 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2552cee03badcb008c95da7231831963 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2552cee03badcb008c95da7231831963 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2552cee03badcb008c95da7231831963:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2552cee03badcb008c95da7231831963 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2552cee03badcb008c95da7231831963 .u2552cee03badcb008c95da7231831963-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2552cee03badcb008c95da7231831963:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Comparative poetry essay The Horses and The WindFurthermore, MacCaig extends his rhetorical question to portray to the reader how dangerous his job actually is. The poet utilises parenthesis during this verse to fully illustrate this point.  Whose home is a place he might, this time, never get back to?  Apart from the fact that he is perceived as an animal on the job, he goes into more depth and reveals the cops final emotion before the poem is brought to a close. The reader is given a feeling of sadness because everyday he is in danger and his tragic death could affect the rest of his family. The last verse consists of only two lines and finishes with a question and a sks the reader if they would consider enrolling in his line of work. In conclusion, Brooklyn Cop by Norman MacCaig has displayed a varied amount of emotion and this escalates to the point where he is turning dangerous and his responsibilities are being jeopardised. At the beginning of the poem the cop is made laughable through the comparison to a wild animal, but as the poem ends the reader begins to feel sympathy for him as his safety and the risk of losing his family is a daily fear. It is MacCaigs successful use of imagery that makes the poem alive.

The Mission Essays - Prophets Of Islam, Films, Society Of Jesus

The Mission The Mission is a motion picture, directed by Roland Joffe in 1986, about a Jesuit mission that is threatened by greed and imperialism in the late 18th century in the Brazilian jungle. Father Gabriel, played by Jeremy Irons, climbs the mountains of Brazil to bring Christianity to the natives. He is successful and brings about a golden age among them. Mendoza, played by Robert De Niro, a slave trader, kills his brother, Felipe played by Aidan Quinn, in a fit of rage over a woman named Carlotta, played by Cherie Lunghi. Only Fr. Gabriel's leadership prevents his suicide. Gabriel brings Mendoza to work at his mission with the natives, and Mendoza finds peace and asks to become a priest. The Church, under pressure, gives the land up to the Portuguese who will allow slave traders in again. Mendoza breaks his vows and organizes the natives to fight against the Portuguese while Gabriel warns him not to fight and instead to help them as a priest. At the end of the movie Fr. Gabriel courageous ly leads a procession with the Host through the battle. He is martyred along with almost everyone else. Only a few young natives are left, whom because they have been touched by God, to rebuild the community. This movie, more than most I have ever seen, demonstrates graphically, from a normal, human point of view, the net result of the union of passion and greed, where one compliments the other. The two main reasons the mission is threatened, as I have said before, are imperialism and greed. Greed is an excessive desire to acquire or possess more than what one needs or deserves, especially with respect to material wealth. In this movie, that translates into, how the Portuguese only wanted to gain these lands for profit. Since natives lived there the Portuguese wanted to gain the land so they could trade slaves there. This was the whole reason Mendoza disregarded his vows and fought against the Portuguese. The other reason, imperialism, is the policy of extending a nation's authority by territorial acquisition or by the establishment of economic and political domination over other nations. In this case, the Portuguese wanted to acquire the lands belonging to the natives because of economic reasons. The major theme of this movie is represented in a quote. This quote is, The church is the bride of Christ, she is also the cross on which he is daily crucified. The Bride of Jesus Christ is not a what, its a who. She is the many membered body of Jesus Christ that is carrying on the Message sent to her from God, she is the Church. For the marriage of the Lamb is come, And His wife hath made herself ready. Revelation 19:7, and And there came unto me one of the seven angels which had the seven vials full of the seven last plagues, and talked with me, saying, Come hither, I will shew thee the bride, the Lamb's wife.-Revelation 21:9, are two quotes from the Bible including the word bride, this bride referred to is the Church. When we say it is the cross on which he is daily crucified, to me seems to be talking about the Eucharist and mass. Everyday the church celebrates the mass, where we sacrifice Jesus up to God, and where we remember his death on the cross, which opened up the Gates of Heaven. This could also mean another thing, this could be talking about how the Church is always holy but its members are not. This is sort of paradoxical, however it is true, we as Catholics may not be at all times holy, but the Church as the Bride of Christ is forever holy. This movie has many excellent features. It contains wonderful camera work, breathtaking scenery, and really good performances from Irons and De Niro. All these things make the film quite powerful, and it can really draw the viewer in. However, one cannot help but feel engrossed during the movie and yet unsatisfied at the conclusion. All around however, this movie was great and Id strongly recommend it. Music

Forests Essays - Aftermath Of War, Deforestation, Forest Pathology

Forests Where Have All the Forests Gone? What is happening to the Earth? Our home is becoming a barren mass of sorrow. Most people in America are blind to what is going on. Could it be that every individual is just turning a cheek the other way. America is faced with an extremely serious problem, and if it is not acted upon there will be nothing left on Earth. Hopefully it will still be able to thrive after the numerous accounts of human destruction. Deforestation in America is a huge problem with devastating affects to humans. The root causes of this travesty are mainly the ongoing need to increase Americas economic growth, and the idea of frontierism. These two aspects of deforestation tie together well. Together they help define the thought process that Americans have adopted through the years. The essential part of a successful country is their economy. America is one of the largest consumer societies on the planet. Why? The need to gain more and more possessions is ridiculous. Since the nineteen fifties America has see n life through material objects. This has fueled the economic growth in America tremendously. Deforestation is affecting individuals in American society through their need to peruse the consumption of paper products, lumber for homes, heating systems, and furniture. The action that is being taken to solve the negative affects of this ongoing obsession is limited. Frontierism is an ignorant way of life that is adopted by many Americans. The fundamentals of frontierism believe, The Earth is a space of unlimited resources for humans to use at will. Humans are apart from nature and the laws of the natural land do not apply to humans. The well being of humans stems from controlling the environment, (Chiras 34). This is a cluster of ridiculous ideas concocted by the ignorant and selfish minds of humans that are blind to the consequences of future destruction. Frontierism plays a huge role in contributing to deforestation in America because it is enabling various logging companies to rationalize the need for wood. The demand for timber seems to be increasing in America as the rate of our forests decrease. The selfishness involved with this whole idea of frontierism is an outrage. Americans need to be further educated about frontierism and its persuasion on deforestation. This is one of the main problems why America is where they are today as far as the environment goes. An average student at UNH wakes up in the morning and takes a hot shower which uses wood energy from the campus energy source. We write on numerous sheets of paper for notes, waste energy by leaving our lights on, computers running, and music playing. Not to mention the posters on students dorm room walls. All of these everyday factors influence the necessity for deforestation. If just two hundred students shut off their lights when they are not needed and only use their computers when necessary than UNH would save thousands of dollars in energy use. For years upon years companies have wormed their way into the minds of Americans to consume. The companies mask all of the real problems. Many logging companies associated with larger corporations have failed to make Americans aware of the pollution and the increase in toxic gases and waste that is being dispersed every where. All that matters to them is the flow of money that the businesses are making. What do these companies think would happen? Nothing. Economic growth is thriving on consumerism. It always has in America. The corporate world has wrapped the minds of Americans around their fingers. In the view of one businessman, he admits, Our own government is viewed with mistrust and suspicion when it makes pronouncements on environmental matters, (Schannon). Propaganda is displayed everywhere we turn, forcing Americans to want more and more products. The Christmas season is upon America for another year of crowded malls, mounds of wrappings, and excessive consumption. Over half of America will not recycle wrapping paper or question buying products that promote deforestation. It now makes me sad to walk through the malls and see how people wastefully spend. But this is utter bliss for logging and wood dependent companies as well

How and Educational Theory Gains Acceptance essays

How and Educational Theory Gains Acceptance essays I think that we have already discussed the most basic of ways in which an educational theory gains acceptance in the academic community. They are through publication, through practice and through saturation, whether that is through the media or within the academic community itself. According to David Perkins, one of the founding members of Project Zero, people learn much of what they have a reasonable opportunity and motivation to learn. In other words, in order for an educational theory to be conceived, there needs to be a need for change or understanding. A consensus is then achieved through extensive exposure to the theory in which the theorists peers will probe from many angles in order to disprove any or all of the theory. At this point a theory will either gain acceptance or not. Although I find the process in which a theory gains acceptance to be a pretty straightforward concept, I am reminded that there is another way a theorist can have his thoughts or ideas gain acceptance as well. Gardner provides us with the prime example of Sigmund Freud. Freud did not like nor did he respect the working theories of others in his field. So instead of seeking the acceptance of his peers, he simply (or not quite so, as his theories took years to be considered mainstream) created a new domain of psychoanalysis. Its questionable as to whether something like this could ever happen in a public school system regarding an educational theory, but certainly there have been private schools that utilize unique methods of educating, that would be considered controversial by the general public. ...

Birth To Three Matters Framework †Theatre Essay

Birth To Three Matters Framework – Theatre Essay Free Online Research Papers Birth To Three Matters Framework Theatre Essay I am going to look at the aspects of play outlined in the birth to three matters framework (December, 2002). This framework was created to ensure that children could develop to their full potential. The framework was designed to help practitioners support children’s development in the early years. There are four aspects of play outlined in the birth to three matters framework. These are a skilful communicator, a competent learner, a healthy child and a strong child. These aspects of play celebrate the skill and competence of babies and young children. They highlight the interrelationship between growth, learning development and the environment in which children are cared, nurtured and educated. Each aspect has four components; to enable the aspects to be reached the components must be followed. The aspect a strong child is important as it is essential for a child to be strong. Strong incorporates being capable confident and self-assured. A key time for this development to begin is during the early years. The four components of this aspect are; a sense of belonging, me, myself and I, being acknowledged and developing self assurance. A sense of belonging focuses on acquiring social competence and confidence. This could include being with others that they trust, valuing individuality and contributions made by others and self, having a role within a group and being able to snuggle in with a key person. The New Zealand Ministry of Education (1996) says that if children feel that they belong they are more likely to develop inner well-being, security and identity, they should be able to understand what they do is valued so they can develop confidence to explore new activities. Me, myself and I focuses on the child’s realisation of individuality. This includes growing awareness of self, realisation that he/she is different and separate from others, recognition of personal characteristics and preferences, exploring what he/she can do. Schaffer (1992) said that babies are constantly becoming aware that they exist. Being acknowledged and affirmed focuses on experiencing and seeking closeness form others. These includes needing recognition, acceptance and comfort, being able to contribute to secure relationships, understanding that they are valued by and are important to someone and exploring the emotional boundaries they build. Post and Hohmann (2000) believe that children depend on the affirmation and warmth of trusting relations they have developed. Developing self-assurance focuses on trusting and relying on a child’s own abilities. This will include gaining self-assurance through close relationships, becoming confident in what they can do, being able to value and appreciate their abilities and feeling self-assured and supported. Murray and Andrews (2000) believe that children with secure attachments can cope with difficulties better. Children’s play is essential for children to develop these components. To help a child develop into a strong child. This framework and curriculum for pre-school is child centred and based upon play. To help a child develop self-assurance a practitioner could give babies and young children a favourite toy to play with independently. Gradually increasing this independent play time. Ensuring that an adult is nearby to offer quiet support and interest. Providing equipment the child will appreciate will encourage further independent play. Skinner said that if we enjoy doing an activity we are more like y to repeat and learn from it. That is why it is essential to provide toys and materials a child will appreciate and like. Encourage play that involves collaborative play and communal sharing times. This will encourage the child to take responsibility and learn that others are important as well as themselves. Also encouraging children to collect things for themselves allows children to develop their self-assurance. This links to point four of the principles of the pioneers for early childhood education in the modern context. Point four is ‘Children learn best when they are allowed to make errors, decisions and choices, and respected as autonomous learners.’ Katz (1993) states that if children are given freedom within a setting they are more likely to respect the setting and feel inclined to have the correct attitude to learn. To incorporate this learning into play involves planning specific activities that promote this learning. Activities should allow children to play near an adult. This is because young children enjoy solitary play and investigation but an adult is needed to offer assistance and confirmation during an activity. Children with diverse needs often have low self-assurance so therefore it is important that you show you appreciate them and their efforts. It is also a good idea because children, especially those with diverse needs have self-confidence that is influenced by adult input. Children with diverse needs may need extra reassurance. Choosing tasks that encourage children to complete them independently are a good way to boost their self-assurance. Some children with diverse needs may not be able to complete a task but their effort should be praised and encouraged, you should show that you appreciate their effort. This links to point 7 of the principles of the pioneers for early childh ood education in the modern context. This states what a child can do is more important than what a child cannot do; this should be that child’s starting point in education. Being acknowledged and affirmed is also important for the child to become a strong child. Play with the young child, singing songs, have fun and laughing with young babies. When an adult communicates with a child they should be face to face with the child and contact should be established by eye contact, voice or light touch. Showing and teaching children about others and how it feels to be them allows them to understand other. This can be done by reading stories with different voices and allowing children to dress up as others. Point nine of the principles of the pioneers for early childhood education in the modern context states that relationships with others are vital in a child’s life. Vygotsky’s view was that social interaction helped develop higher functioning in children. Brunner agrees with this and says that the adult child relationship helps develop children’s problem solving skills and attitudes to help facilitate the problem solving behaviour. Quality relationships help pave the way for quality education in later life. Planning activities to help this component to be fulfilled should include activities in which children can build secure attachments to key workers. Children with diverse needs may have different responses but they should be entitled to the same opportunities and experience of others. Some children may need additional time and attention; this should be provided without ignoring other children. One way to promote awareness of self is to create a booklet about the child. This can be created with thee support of parents and other carers. This shows the child that as an individual they are acknowledged and are important. A sense of belonging is important for a strong child as it allows the child to explore the world from a secure base. To help a child develop appropriate sense of belonging the practitioner should set up appropriate play activities and have opportunities to support the child. Include parents to help create records of a child’s life at home. Showing children that they are valued as a person. Set up the environment to stimulate all the children’s senses, for example different smells, music and lighting for children to enjoy. Share tasks with home and nursery. For example get children to participate in household tasks in the nursery and allow a child to take home a nursery toy to look after for a while. This helps a child develop a sense of belonging as this helps develop a sense of security at home and in the childcare setting. To help promote this the setting could provide each child with their own place to put things. This could be something simple like a tray. Creating a display with children’s families, pets and homes will give them something to look at if they get homesick. It also provides the children with the chance to see other family types and to see that each family is different. This will help children recognise different cultures, race and gender. This helps children feel valued. A further way to do this is to talk about different cultures with a child, listening to their input. Talking about children’s individual achievements or significant events to them also promotes a sense of being valued. Also talking about physical characteristics and individual preference promotes a sense of belonging. This component links to the second of the principles of the pioneers for early childhood education in the modern context. This point states that children have feelings, ideas and relationships with others. Children need to be physically and motional healthy. Pringle (1974/1980) built on Maslow (1962) and Isaacs (1968) work. Pringle asserts that children have primary and secondary needs. Primary needs are those necessary for survival, nourishment, shelter and clothing. Secondary needs are love, security, need for new experiences, praise, recognition and responsibility. A school/nursery setting should see to primary and secondary needs for quality education to be achieved. Me, myself and I is the final component needed for a child to grow into a strong child. It involves helping a child to learn about and get to know themselves and their own capabilities. Respect, care, love and emotional support help a child develop a strong sense of trust, emotional security and a positive self image. A practitioner could imitate a baby’s actions and provide mirrors to show them what they look like and what their actions look like. A practitioner should always value a child’s comfort object. This will show the children you value and understand their emotional needs. The child should also be allowed to make decisions about their actions, for example what they are going to play with, where they are going to sit and who they are going to sit with. This allows the child to develop a positive self image of them as others are showing they have the confidence in them making the correct decision. Practitioners should plan specialised times to be with children giving them their full attention being attentive to their needs. Some children with diverse needs, for example babies that are blind, deaf or have severe learning difficulties have to have constant reminders that someone is there and they are valued. Practitioners should take the time to explain to a blind baby what it looks like; using feelings to show what is being talked about. For a deaf child gesturing to their face whilst looking in a mirror. This will encourage them to develop an awareness of self. Parents and carer should be encouraged to provide artefacts from home. To ensure that the setting reflects many cultures. This helps children from different culture to accept and be proud of their culture. Children should do activities that develop their independence like feeding fish and washing themselves. Also allow children to develop their independence, sense of control and sense of being valued by the community. This can be done by allowing children to make their own decisions. It is important for these things to develop. If a child looks physically different it is important for children and adults to accept the differences. This links to point five of the principles of the pioneers for early childhood education in the modern context. This point reinforces the importance of self discipline in development of individuality and this will increase their sense of being valued. Vygotsky says that in play children exercise their greatest sense of control so they can get most out of play. This emphasises the importance of play during childhood. Dowling (1995) states that rewards and punishments only have short term results as children do not have a chance to reflect analyse or think why they are being punished or rewarded. Self-discipline rather than adult-led discipline is more effective. This is what is required for a child to develop into a strong child. They need appropriate support from a key adult to ensure proper relationships are formed. The environment is also important; an appropriate environment allows a child to feel they belong. Significant adult and environment have significant impact on children’s development. Their sense of self, group identity, emotions and relationships will develop if an appropriate environment is provided and adult support is given. References: New Zealand Ministry of Education. (1996). Te Whariki Early Childhood Curriculum. Wellington, New Zealand; Learning Media LTD. Schaffer, H. In Alvarez, A. (1992). Live company Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy with Autistic Borderline, Deprived and Abused Children. London; Routledge. Post, J. Hohmann, M. (2000). Tender Care and Early Learning, Supporting Families and Toddlers in Childcare Settings. Michigan; High/Scope Press Murray, L. Andrews, L. (2000). The Social Baby, Understanding Babies Communication from Birth. Richmond; CP Publishing Bruce, T. Meggitt, C. (2002). Childcare and Education (3rd Ed). Great Britain; Hodder and Stoughton Bruce, T. (1997). Early childhood Education (2nd Ed). Great Britain; Hodder and Stoughton Tassoni, P. (2002). Certificate Childcare and Education. Oxford; Heinemann Sure Start (2003). Birth to Three Matters. Suffolk; DFES Publications Research Papers on Birth To Three Matters Framework - Theatre EssayPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenOpen Architechture a white paperInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Project Managment Office SystemComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThree Concepts of PsychodynamicHip-Hop is ArtAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into Asia

Confidence

Confidence Confidence Confidence By Maeve Maddox The Latin verb fidere means â€Å"to trust.† Adding the prefix con-, â€Å"with,† gives confidere, â€Å"to have full trust or reliance.† According to a note in the OED, the word may have originated to show the relationship between two people, â€Å"two friends who mutually confide in or trust each other, and hence are trusted by each other.† In time, the word came to be used in a more general sense. The noun confidence has a variety of meanings. As a synonym for faith or trust, it means â€Å"the mental attitude of trusting in or relying on a person or thing†: And we have confidence in the Lord touching you, that ye both do and will do the things which we command you. 2 Thessalonians 3:4, KJV. Do You Have Confidence in President Obama? Confidence can mean feeling sure of a fact or an issue: Climate models now include more cloud and aerosol processes, but there remains low confidence in the representation and quantification of these processes in models. Speakers frequently use confidence in the sense of â€Å"assurance arising from reliance on oneself: What can I do to help my child have confidence when in new situations? 10 Tips to Boost Your Confidence Confidentiality is required of lawyers, priests, social workers, and anyone else to whom private matters are confided. For example: There are many specific areas regarding consent and confidentiality that are particularly difficult for teens, parents, health care professionals and lawmakers. Other â€Å"with trust† words: confident (adjective), confidential (adjective), confidentially (adverb), and confide (verb): Less-Confident People are More Successful Teachers should discuss such matters confidentially with individual parents. Confidentially, I don’t much care for the terms Usonian and Usonia. It’s difficult nowadays to keep personal information confidential. It was a mistake to confide in her: she posted everything I told her on Facebook. Before 1700, a person trusted with private information, â€Å"usually amorous,† was called a confident [sic]. Then the French word confidant/confidante entered the language. For a time, English speakers observed the masculine/feminine differences in writing, but now a confidant can be either a man or a woman. Anyone familiar with the television series The Golden Girls is acquainted with the opening words of its theme song: Thank you for being a friend Traveled down the road and back again Your heart is true, you’re a pal and a confidant. Finally, there’s such a thing as too much confidence, either because a person thinks he knows it all, or because a person trusts the wrong person: Malcolm Gladwell drew an important distinction between the normal mistakes that result from incompetence (not knowing enough) and mistakes made because of the overconfidence of experts (miscalibration). San Antonio police have arrested a fugitive accused of running a long-term confidence scheme with victims in Ohio, Florida and Texas. He repeatedly befriended his victims, convinced them to give him thousands of dollars and then absconded with the money. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Idioms About Numbers26 Feel-Good Words30 Words Invented by Shakespeare

Rebecca Walker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Rebecca Walker - Essay Example The anthology may have given ‘Third Wave Foundation’1, the multicultural network of young feminist activists co ­-founded by Rebecca Walker. In this paper, I examine Walker's Black, White and Jewish: Autobiography of a Shifting Self. In this mixed race fictional autobiography, Walker develops her multiracial identity, as she explores and expresses her experience growing up racially mixed in the United States in the 1970s and 1980s. I read Walker and identify a historical experience, thematic thread, and expression to show that it differs from received conceptions and descriptions of race and mixed race that have been understood in society and portrayed in the canons of American and American Ethnic literature in the categorical, dichotomous, and hierarchical terms of the binary racial idiom. The binary racial idiom has worked to suppress and distort mixed race bodies and lived realities in the culture at large insofar as it designates Americans as either white or black, white or other, and maintains, in conjunction with the social and legal rule of hypodescent (also known as the one-drop rule), the hierarchical valuation of whiteness over blackness by defining as black any racially mixed person with a quantum of African ancestry. Hence, following American racial common sense, the sum of black, white, and Jewish has been black. Nonetheless, Walker attempts to expose into view suppressed and silenced multiracial experience, complexity, and possibility. Body There have always been mixed race people in American history who have attempted to resist and circumvent the binary racial system. For a countless number of mixed race people "of a more European American phenotype and cultural orientation" (Daniel 49), the strategy of passing has been the most common form of resistance. In addition, sociologists and historians have identified groups of tri-racial isolates, mixed race people of black, white, and American Indian ancestry, who lived in rural communi ties in the mountains and in the backwoods apart from blacks and whites. There are also the Louisiana Creoles of Color who emerged as a community when Louisiana was a territory of Spain and then of France. In the US state of Louisiana, they resisted social and legal designation as black for more than a century to protect the rights and opportunities that had been granted to them under French rule. Furthermore, there existed blue-vein societies of mixed race people in the major Northern cities such as Washington D.C. and New York. Nevertheless, in nearly all cases, the mixed race people who attempted to resist the binary racial system nevertheless accepted the dichotomization between European Americans and blacks, as well as the hierarchical valuation of whiteness over blackness. For instance, tri-racial isolate communities accepted their status on the outskirts of organized society and tended to identify as Native American (Daniel 71). Blue-vein elites privileged and sought European culture, education, and somatic features, and the primary concern of Louisiana Creoles of Color was the preservation of the rights and privileges that had been allotted them because of their European heritage and education. It is an historical irony that a

Personal Development through Reflective Practice Essay

Personal Development through Reflective Practice - Essay Example The organisational structure for Outcomes UK Ltd is mainly controlled by the strategic director along with a number of secondary employees working under him. In the executive management group, officers have been assigned with the task of corporate management of the council, ensuring timely and regular meetings for discussion of current issues perceived to have a significant impact on the council and its services. The executive management has the responsibility of managing projects and other day-to-day activities in order to establish an entity that holds consistent values and views (NRC 2002). Their fixed responsibility lies in a number of tasks such as providing tactical advice and skillful plans to the council; making sure that policy objectives are effectively integrated within their services; managing the development of all strategies; providing information and establishing strong communication with councilors, managers, and staff members; supervising the working relationships between councilors and staff members; keeping watch over organisational values, attitudes, and structure; bringing together the council’s work with other organisations and establishing working relations; and handling resolution of conflicts. All these duties reflect Devlin’s (2006) assertion that executive management plays a major role in every action that the organisation takes. Often times, the members of the executive management group are handpicked by the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) based on their individual strengths and the values that they have displayed. Those who can liv e up to the specific tasks assigned to executive management are selected. On the other hand, though much of the organisation’s responsibility lies upon this high ranking group, there is still a need for every member of the council to be involved in daily tasks for organisational goals to be successfully

Domestic Violence Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Domestic Violence - Article Example The rate of suffering physical abuse in case of the children staying with the parents in an abusive relationship is quite common. They may get harmed while witnessing the spousal abuse closely and at some places some physical abuses get inflicted on them as well. At places, children are used as a barterer instrumental in getting control or manipulating the victim of the domestic abuse. In this case, the conflict between the parents also evolves a kind of mental trauma in the children and they are shattered out of disruption in gaining their love from parents. Also separation from their parents cause a serious mental trauma to them and in their adolescence they might get involved in myriad anti-social activities or may get addicted as well to escape the harsh realities of life. The sign of any means of thrashing can be effective in determining the symbol of abuse in the children. Also some bizarre or violent activity at the social plane is also indicative of the domestic abuse inflicted on children. Locating this kind of symptoms in children requires immediate attention and they should be taken to the family counselling centres or women and child development centres and with the help of the counsellors over there, the case should be reported to the police as well. Athlete: As a kid, initially I was a good student. It started when I was six years old. Suddenly my father became alcoholic and all sorts of problems started during that phase. I could never sleep at night. I completely lost control on my mind and was losing it out every day. Athlete: It was not very easy to get out of it. As a child I was helpless. Some abnormalities were located by my class teacher and she reported it to the concerned authority. I was send to hostel soon after. Athlete: Yes. This is the worst side of the domestic violence. My parents decided to get

S5W7Qs Response Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

S5W7Qs Response - Assignment Example In contrast, there was sufficient military personal in the case of Kosovo and Bosnia. This insecure environment in Iraq has greatly curtailed nation building in Iraq. In Bosnia and Kosovo there is relative peace and security that has facilitated nation building (Lampe, 2013). Nation building in Iraq has also not had good progress because of the inappropriate US policies. The country is still insecure but due to pressures from home the Obama administration is promising to withdraw all the troops from Iraq. State building process is a long term goal, take for example nation building in Bosnia began in the winter of 1995 and that in Kosovo began in the spring of 1999 (Lecture Notes, 2011). This process is presently still ongoing. For Iraq to realize a stable state it is necessary for its security to be boosted. This has not been the case; foreign military personnel have been attacked in Iraq leading to calls for withdrawal of the personnel and for governments not to lose popularity with their citizens they have been reducing their military presence in Iraq. Sectarian violence is a threat to state building in Iraq (Gairdner, 2012). The solution to this violence can only be achieved by proper policy measures by the United States. The proper policies include security policies, political persuasion, and economic policies should all be geared towards reducing sectarian violence. Political Persuasion: The United States should work with the government to prevent creation of autonomous factions which could lead to further partitioning the country. It should help the government to control oil revenue. The sects should not be allowed to control this revenue because it can be used to fund their activities. The oil revenue can be vital in funding the security of Iraq. The United States should also check on Iraq’s neighbors like Syria and Iran to ensure that they do not fund sections that cause violence in Iraq (Grant et al, 2007). Security

Information security management framework Research Paper

Information security management framework - Research Paper Example Frameworks are based on existing standards that have been accepted as well as guidelines and sets of practices that reflect the conduct of an initial community of organizations that perform highly(HrÃŒÅ'ebiÃŒ cÃŒÅ'ek, Schimak&Denzer, 2011). Governments along with business organizations have an ability to implement frameworks with the practices they prefer or are supposed to use for their market sectors and the entire country. Some of the benefits of possessing frameworks for information security management include the fact that they create a secure and well-arranged working environment while at the same time protecting information and information assets. Having frameworks for information security management also assists in the reduction of internal and external breaches in security, creating confidence among the employees and customers when dealing with the operations of the business and integrating recovery from disasters in order to ensure continuity of the business(Gantz&Philpott, 2013). Further benefits include prevention of information security incidences from taking place and detection of incidences from occurring. In the event that incidences take place, the frameworks for information security management are able to measure the impact of the incidences and respond to them in order to minimize the resulting damage. Additionally, they are able to embed continuous improvement in processes associated with information security while complying with rules and regulations. Information security frameworks are a sequence of standard procedures that are employed in defining policies and processes associated with the execution and continuous running of information security controls in an venture setting. The frameworks are essentially a plan for the creation of an information security plan with the aim of managing risks and reducing any vulnerability. Professionals in information security can employ

Echoes of Heaven Essay Example for Free

Echoes of Heaven Essay The world today seems to be going further and further from Christian Values. Denominations are arising against each other time after time. We no longer hear the proper preaching of the gospel because preachers prepare their sessions to suit the audience and therefore a lot of truth is left uncovered. A Christian who performs and leads a true Christian life seems very outdated. There are rumors of wars everywhere in the world today. People seem to rely on technology much more than on God. I am a born again Christian, I have been a Christian since I was born but there is a huge difference in my life after I accepted Jesus Christ. I have received tangible breakthroughs and therefore when I say so much truth is left uncovered in today’s churches I do it with reference to my personal experience. Sometimes suffering comes our way because God wants to show us our weakness without Him. We must rely on Him and not on our own understanding. I have observed Muslim practices closely and they are more devoted to their religion and believes than Christians! Charles I agree that God’s Love is better than Life Itself and would very much want to know where to get the book.

Life Of Omar Bin Al Khatab

Life Of Omar Bin Al Khatab History is the manifestation of mans will; it changes its course when an ordinary man shows immensely strong will power and thats how an ordinary man becomes a legend. Omar Bin Al-Khatab was one such character. He seems to have changed the course of history with his own will. Omar is regarded as most important figures in history of Islam and the true architect of Islamic Empire. Historical accounts prove him to be one of the greatest conquerors, a wise and just ruler and a man known for his simple lifestyle and love of God. Omar become the second Muslim ruler after death of Muhammad and ruled for 10 years. He was a leading adviser to the Islamic prophet Muhammad Omar was a great admirer and companion of the Prophet Mohammed. Omar converted to Islam after 6 years of Mohammeds first revelation and spent 18 years accompanying the Prophet. He succeeded the first caliph Abu Bakr on 23 rd of august 634 as the second caliph and changed the historical edifice of Islamic history. Rising from the rank of a shepherd and a petty merchant he became the true architecture of the Islamic civilization. (Wikipedia, 2011) Early life His mothers name was Hantammah and fathers name was Khattab ibn Nufayl, from the tribe of  Banu Makhzum. Omar was born to a middle class family and when he was a child his father put him to the task of grazing camels. His father was a tough taskmaster, and Omar often recalled how his father beaten him up mercilessly whenever there was a mistake on his part. It seems that Omar grew up as a typical Arab boy -a tall young man with a robust physique and impressive persona. It is believed that among the Quraish of those days only 17 people were able to read and write and Omar was one of them. He was very intelligent and had a towering personality, intellectually and physically as well. He was a good public speaker. By all available accounts he seemed to be an average Arab youth .At the same time he was gifted with self-respect, a broad-mind and a strong sense of justice. He appeared to be a man of strong convictions, a good friend, and a bad enemy. He was always ready to stand up against the oppressor and advocate the cause of the weak. Later in his youth he took up the traditional profession of a trader. As a trader, he travelled extensively to Syria, Iraq, and Yemen, Rome and Persia and other places as well. He was a good trader; he made good money and developed a good geopolitical understanding of the region as well while travelling. (Islamic Point) Omar converted to Islam in 616, before that he was the fiercest opponent of Islam. Interestingly, he resolved to kill Prophet Mohammed to finish Islam completely .He believed that the advent of new faith of Islam will break the unity of Quraish. Omar was the most adamant and very cruel in persecuting Muslims. Converting to Islam In the year 616 Umar got converted to Islam. Once he read the verses of Quran, he was so impressed by the divinity of the verses he accepted Islam on that very same day in front of the prophet and his companions. Omars conversion gave confidence to the Muslims and they felt powered. It was seen as the victory of Islam, Muslims didnt offer prayers at al-harem mosque until Omar accepted Islam (Abdullah bin Masoud, n.d.). Because of all this the Prophet himself gave him the title of Al-Farooq, one who distinguishes true from falsehood. Now Islam was gaining popularity; in 622 A.D. because of the increasing popularity of Islam in Medina, Mohammed ordered his followers to migrate to Medina. Omar also went to Medina. Muslims lived peacefully in Medina for approximately a year before Quraish army attacked Medina .Omar played key role in the battles between Quraish and Muslims. (Encyclopedia) Caliphate He succeeded the first caliph Abu Bakr in 634A.D. and played a key role in shaping the history of Islam. Under him the Islamic Empire was expanded at a rate that could only be compared to the great Roman Empire. His ruling abilities, administrative skills and his intelligently coordinated attacks against the Persian Empire resulting in the conquest of the Persian Empire, established him as a great military and political leader of the era. But it was not very easy for him to get things under control as he was not a popular figure because of his strictness and autocratic nature. Abu Bakrs companions initially discouraged the idea of caliphate of Omar but Abu Bakr had other plans and he assured his high ranking companions that once Omar becomes caliph he would be a changed man. Omar was very clear and did conveyed that he will be soft with them who followed the rules and would be harsh and rude with those who wont follow the same. He wanted the well being of the poor and underprivileged; because of his populist policies he rapidly gained popularity.   (Encyclopedia) Political and civil administration Umars government was a unitary government; Caliph had the supreme political authority. His empire was divided into autonomous and provinces. Provinces were divided into districts. There were 100 districts in the territory of Umar. The Wali (Provincial governors) were the administrator of these provinces, which were recruited by Umar. These were the officers position at the provincial level was which were appointed by Omaror the provincial governors: Katib (Chief Secretary), Sahib-ul-Kharaj, (Revenue Collector), Sahib-ul-Ahdath, (Police chief), Sahib-Bait-ul-Mal (Treasury Officer) and Qadi (Chief Judge). In some of the districts there were separate military officers. The Commander of the army in most of the places remained the same and that was the Governor (Wali). Whenever the appointed anyone they used to do that all in writing. Nothing was without paperwork. When they were trying to appoint or appointed Wali the instrument of instructions was made to the regulating conduct of Governors. (Wikipedia, 2010) Military expansion Omar was one of the greatest administrators of his era. Omar believed in consolidating his power and political influence. With the proper guidance of Umar, Islamic took a vast change and grew big time as a very fast rate. He introduced several administrative reforms; he made a  Shura (consultative) council and sought advice from them on matters of state affairs. He divided the huge Islamic empire in different provinces and appointed a governor who was answerable to caliph. The Governors were supposed to help in administration and whosoever used their office to get rich was severely punished. As a Caliph, Omar was ready to accept and adopt what was good in other civilizations as well. Wherever possible, he tried to learn from others and adopted the advanced techniques and administrative practices of the conquered people as well. For example, when Persia was conquered, Windmills were in extensive use in Persia, Omar ordered the construction of windmills in several Arab provinces, including Medina. For the first time military was organized professionally and made a state department. Finance, accounting, taxation and treasury departments were created for the first time in the Islamic Empire. Police, prisons and postal units were established. (Islamic Point) Reforms Agriculture was promoted during his caliphate. Irrigation system was reformed; old canals were excavated and new ones built. Large areas of land were brought under cultivation. Roads were built and were regularly patrolled. A traveler could move with safety on the roads of the huge Islamic Empire. When Omar became the Caliph of Islam, most of the countries economy was based on slavery. Omar was the one who raised his voice against slavery. He took specific measure to eliminate slavery as far as possible. The huge territories of Islamic Empire West Asia and North Africa were transformed into a free trade zone. Business brought prosperity. Omar understood the importance of education; education was encouraged and teachers were paid well. The study of Quran,  Hadith, language and literature and calligraphy received patronage from the Empire. Omar was himself a poet and an impressive orator. He constructed Over 4,000 mosques during his Caliphate. Technology and new administrative practices such as the construction of windmills, formation of accounting department were encouraged. In the empire new roads were laid out and old ones were repaired. Omar organized a population census in the Empire following the example of the china. Islamic dominions  extended progressively during the caliphate of Umar, almost 4000 mosques were constructed. He provided lights to the mosques  and superior  cloth  to cover the Kaaba. It happened in the year 638 that Arabia fell into drought which was also been then followed by a famine. To make this change and to make it better Umar tried many things out of which one was hosting dinner every night. It was about more than hundred thousand people who used to come for the dinner every night. Conditions began to improve in early 639. When famine ended then Umar went to see and guide the people. Not only he guided but also gave good amount, rations and also exempted them from tax (zakat)  for that year and the year following it. Omer went for hajj in Mecca when he was assassinated. He was assassinated in response to the Muslim conquest of Persia, by a Persian in 644. Assassination of Umar was been assigned by Abu Lulu. The history of Omar shows and explains many things. He was a man with great powers of mind. He was very rigid in making justice and with inflexible integrity.

Joan Of Arc :: essays research papers

On the night of the feast of the Epiphany (January 6th) at the end of the Christmas season, in the year 1412 during the final waning period of the relative peace secured by the Truce pf Leulinghen, a baby was born to Jacques Darc and his wife Isabelle in the village of Domremy. She was christened Jehanne (â€Å"Joan†) after her godmothers Jehanne Royer and Jehanne de Viteau. Her childhood was spent among the forests and strawberry- covered fields of the Meuse River valley, far from the northern regions where the political situation was becoming increasingly troubled. Against the problems that were occurring around them, members of the Darc family continued to farm their 50-some acres of land near the Meuse. According to the Domremy villagers whom later testified to Jehanne’s childhood upbringing, she was a dutiful child who helped her parents with the chore along with her other siblings: her three older brothers Jacquemin, Jean, and Pierre, and her little sister Catherine. She was deeply devoted to God and the Blessed Virgin. She also loved the ringing of the church bells.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1414 her father rented the nearby Chateau de I'll from a local aristocratic family to serve as a secure sanctuary for the villagers and their livestock. In 1420 when Jehanne was eight, the Treaty of Troyes granted Henry V eventual title to the kingdom of France and the hand of Catherine, daughter of King Charles. In 1422 Henry V and Charles VI died within two months of each other, leaving the infant Henry VI as the nominal King of France.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Around that time, perhaps in the summer of 1424, the young farm girl from Domremy said she began to experience visions. She would later explain: â€Å"I was in my thirteenth year when I heard a voice from God to help me govern my conduct. And the first time I was very much afraid. And this voice came, about the hour of noon, in the summer time, in my father’s garden...† A new chapter had begun for Jehanne and the various factions fighting for control of the Kingdom of France.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  She believed that the voices came from God. She said the first of the voices were of Saint Michael. The voices told her two to three times a week that she must go away and that I must come to France; and my father knew nothing of my leaving.

Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Their Advantages Essay -- Cars Energy HEV

Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Their Advantages 'The HEV [Hybrid Electric Vehicle] concept goes back to 1905. On November 23 of that year, American engineer H. Piper filed for a patent on a hybrid vehicle. Piper's design called for an electric motor to augment a gasoline engine'(1, pg 2) and thus, the HEV was born. Hybrid Electric Vehicles, otherwise known as HEVs are vehicles that 'combine the internal combustion engine of a conventional vehicle with the battery and electric motor of an electric vehicle'(2). In this day and age car manufactures are trying to out-compete one another in terms of car features and sales. Technology has come a long way since 1905 but the principle is still the same: to produce hybrid vehicles that not only can compete with standard vehicles in terms of price and available features, but that also offer better mileage and less pollution. One may understand why hybrid vehicles are a good choice, but one may not understand why more auto manufacturers have turned to hybrids instead of electric vehicles. 'HEVs do not share an electric vehicle's main drawback: limited range between chargings. The few thousand electric vehicles on the roads in the U.S' can travel only about 80 miles before their batteries need recharging, which can take anywhere from three to eight hours'(1, pg1). For those who do not wish to be constrained by having to charge up batteries and worry about mileage, HEVs are the next logical choice. There are two different types of hybrid vehicles: parallel and designated series. The following is a good description of each : ?In a series hybrid, the internal combustion engine drives a generator that charges the batteries, whic... ...ent as well. Hybrid vehicles emit significantly less pollutants than do standard cars and trucks and their fuel efficiency is also a positive aspect that can attract consumers who are interested in saving money. As technology advances and hybrid technologies becomes more efficient it seems that the HEV ?could be- - and in fact should be - - the car of the near future?(1). Sources: 1) Online version of Scientific American article, by Wouk, Victor. October 1997. Hybrid Electric Vehicles: http://www.sciam.com/1097issue/1097wouk.html 2) http://www.ott.doe.gov/hev/what.html 3) http://www.honda2001.com/models/2001/environment.html 4) http://prius.toyota.com/technology/hybrid.html 5) http://prius.toyota.com/green/index.html 6) http://www.epa.gov/autoemissions/ 7) http://www.ott.doe.gov/hev/concept.html

Reality in Jean Genet’s ‘the Balcony’ Essay

Jean Genet’s Le Balcon (or The Balcony) is an absurdist play in which the main structure is the â€Å"philosophical battle between illusion and reality† (Savona 1983: 76) and this essay will investigate some of the levels of reality within an absurdist and existentialist context in Genet’s play. The play itself â€Å"offers a spectacularly theatrical exploration of the relationship between fantasy and reality† (Patterson 2005: 32) whilst also seeking â€Å"to negate reality itself† (Innes 2001: 438). Whilst also attempting to transform reality into a fantasy world in which its characters can escape the dismay of daily life, it is â€Å"also designed to be a moving play which†¦ keeps the audience aware that it is a play† they are watching and not allowing them to get lost in the world of illusion, fantasy and desire that the characters are trapped in (Reck 1962: 23). This echoes a technique used as part of Brecht’s Verfremdungseffekt, and by keeping the spectator at a critical distance, they become observers and thus can learn something about their own lives and the world in which they live. The play is set in Madame Irma’s Maison d’illusions (or house of illusions) which to the spectator is clearly a brothel, but not a brothel in the conventional sense. In the brothel, men of everyday walks of life (for example a plumber) act out sexual fantasies with the women that work there. Their sexual fantasies are by no means conventional either, for example the ‘clients’ of the brothel take on the personas of powerful men, namely a bishop, an executioner, a judge and a general. From the exposition of the play, it is unclear that the bishop isn’t actually a bishop as the costume, dialogue and action of the bishop are completely authentic aside from the fact that the powerful characters â€Å"tower over all the other actors as well as the audience† (McMahon 1963: 110). This is visually unrealistic and takes the spectator away from realism right from the onset, yet somehow draws them into this world of illusion. The sexual acts were intended by Genet to contain meaning and not to be realistic. They are merely projections, a series of images of man trapped in a hall of mirrors, not attempting to convey naturalism in the slightest (McMahon 1963: 176) and the characters’ â€Å"performance becomes reflections of reflections† (Innes 2001: 438). As Esslin states in his The Theatre of the Absurd, â€Å"there are no characters in the conventional sense†¦merely the images of basic urges and impulses† (Esslin 2001: 22). Image is of key importance in the play; it is everything â€Å"for the deeper one moves into images the less danger there will be of reality’s coming back to question the veracity of the images† (McMahon 1963: 162). One of the key themes of the play is the escape from reality, and as T. S Eliot wrote â€Å"human kind cannot bear much reality† (1964: 69), one of the fundamental messages Genet is trying to portray in his play. There is a strong sense of the actor merging with the character in The Balcony (Savona 1983: 86), or the character merging with the fantasy characters they attempt to portray in the brothel, or characters they so long to be, even for just an hour or so. This inauthentic relationship between reality and fantasy reflects human nature and life itself – we have all at some point aspired, or even wished that we could be someone else, someone with power or respect. However as McMahon suggests â€Å"there is no aspiration within the motivation of these people to be bishop, judge or general; the limit of their ambitions knows its range, and the cutting off point†¦is the thin line between pretence and reality† (1963: 160). The play takes a turn when the clients of the brothel are forced to take on the characters they are pretending to be for real. It is at this point that the illusion is destroyed and the men of everyday life no longer want the roles they are playing. For them, the roles are now too realistic and there is no escape from them – the relationship between reality and fantasy has become authentic. When the characters are acting out their roles in the real world, they are no longer comforted by their imagination; they are faced with the harsh reality of life, the one thing that they have sought to escape in the first place. This is reinforced by the fact the characters are reluctant to assist the chief of police and be â€Å"dragged from their dream world into the harshness and dangers of reality† (Thody 1970: 186-187). The revolution outside can be seen as a symbol of real life. â€Å"Were it not for the revolution, the various characters could continue to play their games in the enclosed a-historical atmosphere provided for them†¦but the revolution is there, and threatens at any moment to destroy their world of illusion completely† (Thody 1970: 179). During the play, various sounds of gunfire can be heard in the background of the scenes – A threat from the real world outside reminding the characters they have tried to escape life and whilst this may be successful for the hour they are in the brothel, real life is still going out outside. â€Å"Machine gun fire attempts to undermine the magic of illusion created and reflects Brecht’s distancing effect† (Savona 1983: 89). Once again Genet forces the spectator to remember that they are watching a play, but also when we all hide behind the facade of life, or try and escape reality, the real world is still very much at large in the background and we can’t ignore this! â€Å"The theme of illusion reaches its climax at the very end of the action, when Madame Irma comes to the front of the stage to remind the audience that they have, after all, only been watching a play† (Thody 1970: 185). The spectator is suddenly brought back to ‘the real word’ having witnessed actors playing characters, characters playing characters, characters playing people. The audience has taken the journey through Madam Irma’s ‘house of illusions’, and has been presented with a theatrical projection of humanity through many planes of reality. She tells the audience â€Å"you must now go home, where everything – you can be quite sure – will be falser than here†¦You must now go† (Genet 1966: 96). She has highlighted that as humans we have a tendency to hide behind the facade of life, to go along with what we are told and what we see, thus taking life for granted. We then think back to the characters in the play and realise how they are merely projections of ourselves. â€Å"Genet proclaims the illusion of reality and the reality of illusion† (Nelson 1963: 61). For the spectator and the characters â€Å"reality has become indiscernible from illusion† (Nelson 1963: 65) and the audience must ask themselves where does reality end and pretence begins. BIBLIOGRAPHY Eliot, T. S. , Murder in the Cathedral (Fort Washington PA: Harvest Books, 1964) Esslin, Martin, The Theatre of the Absurd, 3rd Edition (London: Metheun, 2001). Genet, Jean, The Balcony (New York: Grove Press, 1966) Innes, Christopher, ‘Theatre After Two World Wars’, in The Oxford Illustrated History of the Theatre, ed. by John Russell Brown (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 380-444. Macquarrie, John, Existentialism (Baltimore: Pelican Books, 1972) McMahon, Joseph H. , The Imagination of Jean Genet (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1963) Nelson, Banjamin, ‘The Balcony and Parisian Existentialism’, The Tulane Drama Review, 7:3 (1963), 60-79. Oswald, Laura, Jean Genet and the Semiotics of Performance (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1989) Patterson, Michael, The Oxford Dictionary of Plays (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005) Reck, Rima Drell, ‘Appearance and Reality in Genet’s Le Balcon’, The New Dramatists, 29:1 (1962), 20-25. Savona, Jeannette L. , Jean Genet (London and Basingstoke: The Macmillan Press, 1983) Styan, J. L. , The English Stage (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) Thody, Philip, Jean Genet: A Study of His Novels and Plays (New York: Stein and Day, 1970).